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A Discourse on the Method (Oxford World's Classics)

A Discourse on the Method (Oxford World's Classics)


A Discourse on the Method (Oxford World's Classics)


Get Free Ebook A Discourse on the Method (Oxford World's Classics)

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A Discourse on the Method (Oxford World's Classics)

About the Author

Ian Maclean, Professor of Renaissance Studies, University of Oxford.

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Product details

Series: Oxford World's Classics

Paperback: 160 pages

Publisher: Oxford University Press; 1 edition (June 15, 2008)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 9780199540075

ISBN-13: 978-0199540075

ASIN: 0199540071

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7.6 x 0.4 x 4.9 inches

Shipping Weight: 5 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

5.0 out of 5 stars

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Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#73,614 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

gift for grandson--he really lied it

Even more than the Meditations, this work can be used to introduce undergraduates to the thought of Descartes. The basic parts of the Cartesian revolution are here--the Cogito, mind/body duality, starting philosophy anew--without the detailed justifications that have been proven wrong by later developments.Cartesianism is obviously, as a system, fraught with errors and so this work is of real interest only in the history of ideas. Wittgenstein answered the Cogito in one sentence, "But how does Descartes know that there is such a thing as a personal I if he doubts everything?" And modern developmental psychology understands the rudiments of knowledge in a way impossible in Descartes' time. A fortiori mind/body dualism. Nobody can now assert the separation between the body and the mind that Descartes makes.Yet, the doubt was not only important in philosophy but also in the development of science. Descartes, along with others, had to eliminate the pseudoscientific part of Aristotle's physics if the scientific revolution was to begin. Thus, even though Cartesianism is of interest only in the history of ideas, this work should be read by every undergraduate simply to understand the course of Western civilizationAs an aside, it's interesting to speculate on why the Cogito found such contemporary success. For centuries Europeans had been willing to submit their reason to divine authority, both that of the Bible and the Church, and suddenly a meme spreads that everything should be doubted and only that which is in conformity with reason should be obeyed.Perhaps the wars of religion, the Inquisiton's persecution of Galileo and the celebration in Rome of the St. Bartholemew's day massacre had sufficiently eroded trust in the divine authority of the Church that a new civilization was able to emerge founded not on faith but on reason. if the Catholic Church had recognized this new civilization coming into being and not fought the new ideas with the old tools of the Inquisition and military force the need to doubt everything might not have spread like it did. But since the new ideas were met with nothing but force the authority of the Church was obviously itself open to question.In other words, if the Church had allowed the most outstanding minds of the pre-enlightenment era to think and write freely within the Church universal doubt might not have found such success and Western thought would not have been burdened with such false premises.

This is a review of this particular edition/translation, not of the original work.This is an excellent edition to study with if you're just coming to the Discourse, for several reasons:--The translation is very readable and flows nicely. In some places I even found the translation made more sense than the translation in Cottingham, et al. (which is also good)--The explanatory notes are enormously helpful, and there's usually at least one note about something said in each paragraph. (They don't summarize the whole paragraph, btw, so don't be expecting that.)--There's a sizable & informative introduction.

This is quintessential Descartes, and a concise, eloquent and candid expression of the main themes of his philosophy.In my review I wish to stress a particular aspect of Descartes's method which is neglected in most commentaries, including that of the present translator, namely the fact that it is directly modelled on the axiomatic method of Greek mathematics, and Euclid's Elements in particular. Descartes makes it quite clear that his intention is to widen the scope of the mathematical method to philosophy in general:"I was most keen on mathematics, because of its certainty and the incontrovertibility of its proofs; but I did not yet see its true use. Believing as I did that its only application was to the mechanical arts, I was astonished that nothing more exalted had been built on such sure and solid foundations." (9 = AT 7)Indeed, Descartes's definitive statement of his method is such an apt description of the Elements that it could easily have been written by Euclid himself as a preface to this work. Here I quote it in its entirety and point out the obvious parallels with Euclid."The first [principle of my method] was never to accept anything as true that I did not incontrovertibly know to be so; that is to say, carefully to avoid both prejudice and premature conclusions; and to include nothing in my judgements other than that which presented itself to my mind so clearly and distinctly, that I would have no occasion to doubt it." (17 = AT 18) This is of course a perfect description of the way Euclid bases his entire work on a few evident postulates and common notions."The second was to divide all the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as many as was required to solve them in the best way." (17 = AT 18) Just as, e.g., Euclid's proof of the Pythagorean theorem relies on some 28 previous propositions, and so on for all other theorems."The third was to conduct my thoughts in a given order, beginning with the simplest and most easily understood objects, and gradually ascending, as it were step by step, to the knowledge of the most complex; and positing an order even on those which do not have a natural order or precedence." (17 = AT 18) Again it is hard to imagine how any work could fit this description more perfectly than Euclid's Elements. The last point in particular is something of a peculiarity of mathematics. In mathematics, when faced with two equivalent statements, one picks arbitrarily which to prove first and which to derive as a corollary, and this has nothing to do with any kind of causal hierarchy between them."The last was to undertake such complete enumerations and such general surveys that I would be sure to have left nothing out." (17 = AT 19) Cf., for example, Euclid's exhaustive and systematic treatments of "geometric algebra" in Book II and beyond, irrational magnitudes in Book X, and regular polyhedra in Book XIII.Descartes immediately goes on the emphasise again that his method is modelled on mathematics:"The long chains of reasonings, every one simple and easy, which geometers habitually employ to reach their most difficult proofs had given me cause to suppose that all those things which fall within the domain of human understanding follow on from each other in the same way, and that as long as one stops oneself taking anything to be true that is not true and sticks to the right order so as to deduce one thing from another, there can be nothing so remote that one cannot eventually reach it, nor so hidden that one cannot discover it. And I had little difficulty in determining those with which it was necessary to begin, for I already knew that I had to begin with the simplest and the easiest to understand; and considering that of all those who had up to now sought truth in the sphere of human knowledge, only mathematicians have been able to discover any proofs, that is, any certain and incontrovertible arguments, I did not doubt that I should begin as they had done." (17-18 = AT 19; cf. 16-19 generally)

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File Size: 3264 KB

Print Length: 269 pages

Page Numbers Source ISBN: 0330433997

Publisher: Penguin Books (April 26, 2005)

Publication Date: April 26, 2005

Sold by: Penguin Group (USA) LLC

Language: English

ASIN: B002GOP9GI

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Scribbling the Cat is a strange and unsettling book. Like Fuller's two other Rhodesian memoirs, Don't Lets Go to the Dogs Tonight and Cocktail Hour Under the Tree of Forgetfulness, it's hauntingly evocative and elegantly written. Once more, I was effortlessly transported to Southern Africa, "a land of almost breath-taking beauty or of savage poverty; a land of screaming ghosts or of sun-flung possibilities; a land of inviting warmth or of desperate drought" (143). But unlike the other two Rhodesian memoirs, Scribbling the Cat is elusive and dark and ultimately it loses its momentum. Fuller's charming sense of humor and endearing optimism are largely absent here, replaced, instead, by meandering reflections and a sense of foreboding that is never truly resolved.When reading fiction, I normally try very hard to separate my feelings about the author from my attitudes about the book. With memoir, however, that's a little bit harder to do, because the author is selling not just her story, but also herself, to some extent - her values, impressions and presuppositions. And while I had started to develop a sort of benign "girl crush" on Fuller after reading her two other memoirs, this one left me questioning her character a little bit, and the book as a whole.Instead of focusing on her childhood and family life growing up in Rhodesia, this memoir centers on Fuller's friendship and travels with a man whom she calls "K," an ex-soldier who fought on the losing side of the Rhodesian war. She meets "K" while visiting her parents' fish and banana farm in Zambia, and despite her father's warnings to steer clear of him, Fuller, who seems to be suffering from a kind of spiritual malaise, quickly develops a kindred connection with the man as they travel together alone, often in very intimate settings, through Zimbabwe and Mozambique. "K" is very much reminiscent of Stanley Kowalski , a volatile, choleric soul trapped in a shell of hyper masculinity. It's clear throughout the memoir that Fuller finds herself both repulsed by and strangely attracted to "K", which is problematic, since she is married with two children. Throughout the book, Fuller, who is so transparent in her other memoirs, remains silent on the appropriateness of this arrangement.Fuller probably wouldn't have been able to write this book had "K" not developed romantic feelings for her shortly after their first meeting. And more than a few readers, myself probably included, seem to think that Fuller exploits "K's" feelings order to get the goods---that is, the material she needs to write a compelling story. She's also on a kind of spiritual journey herself, and she thinks that if she can just figure out "K", then she might be able to make sense of her family's own involvement in the war. She expresses her desire to "label ["K"] and write him into coherence," and, by extension, herself. But "K" is a complex person, a professing "born again" Christian who is tormented by the ghosts of his past and driven by an unpredictable brew of sincere faith, erratic superstition, debilitating guilt and blind rage. By the end of both her literal and metaphorical journeys, we know very little about "K," and very little about Fuller and only a little bit more about Africa. Her goal - "to patch together enough words to make sense of [their] lives" (239) - is never realized, and only two major insights are communicated: that war indiscriminately breaks people's bodies and souls and that Fuller indiscriminately breaks men's hearts. The first insight I already suspected before reading this book and the second one I was sad to discover.

I read Ms. Fuller's first book strictly by accident. I thought Don't Lets Go to the Dogs Tonight would have been a political view of the struggle in Rhodesia between the white settlers and the indigenous people. It wasn't, however, and while at first I was disappointed as I kept reading I found a brilliantly told tale of a family that lived in Rhodesia that is very similar to many families I know all over America.Scribbling the Cat is another Fuller memoir set in Africa, and this one is even more personal. The first book tells the story of the Fuller family, and as the mother is the focus of the family the story is truly a mother daughter tale. This book is a story about who Alexandra Fuller became, not how she grew up, and I love it.Just as in the first book, this is a story that is distinctly rooted in Africa, but if you change some of the names and some of the locations, it truly has played out in America as well. Fuller meets a former Rhodesian soldier, warrior more like it, and is awestruck by his lifestyle. He is now a gentleman farmer living in an area that doesn't have many white gentleman farmers, especially ones who in the past were killing their African gentleman farmer counterparts.Fuller does a great job of bringing the reader along on the journey. Her writing style reminds me in a way of Hemingway. Hemingway had a way of making me feel the heat in Key Largo, feeling the strength of the fish in Old Man. Fuller really made me feel the mud on the trail to the farm, the smell of the fruit bearing trees she passes, the heat from the African sun, and most important I felt the affection that the old soldier began to feel for Ms. Fuller, and the confusion Ms. Fuller felt for him.All in all a great book by a great writer. Alexandra Fuller is one of the truly great writers alive today and while she lives in America her heart still resides in the Africa of her childhood. She seems keenly aware of the problems the white Rhodesians inflicted upon their native residents. I definitely feel her sense of, I hate to say it because it is far more complex, but guilt for what happened to the Africans subject to white Rhodesian rule. Her escort, the former Rhodesian soldier, was part of the problem, a very bloody part of the problem, and she truly struggles to get past the things he did. She doesn't make him a villain, but she doesn't deify him either. I can also feel that she would take issue with my use of African in that last paragraph. When I say Rhodesian I am thinking of them as white European settlers. In Ms. Fuller's case, however, she is just as African as any black African subject to Rhodesian rule. Reading between the lines Ms. Fuller is in many ways a victim of the same colonialism many black Africans suffered from. She was white, but hardly wealthy.Throughout this journey I truly had a sense that I am seeing Africa through the eyes of an African, something that Ms. Fuller can't shake, because it is who she is. One great thing I got from this book was fair notice that my simple categorization of the problem, this is white, this is black, this is African, this is European, the European whites were oppressive, the Africans are the victims, speaks to my ignorance of the reality many people are living in these former colonial areas that can't be categorized. Good people had to do bad things to become free, good people did bad things to serve a belief they later realized was wrong.

A brutal story beautifully written. If it were not for the superb use of words, this would have been an unpalatable read.There were times when I felt the author was indulging in voyeurism and exploding the fragility of the soldier. But this is a story that needs to be told. Wars produce no winners and here we read of the tragedy of those who lose.K may appear as a bizarre character, but, having experienced the Mozambique civil war first hand as a hostage of Renamo, K was chillingly real. The scary fact is there are thousands of damaged humans - the debris from past and current civil wars - trying to make sense of their lives. In a strange cathartic way, reading this story helped.

Alexandra Fuller is one of those authors who, for me, can't write enough. After reading every book of hers, I feel like I've lived through intense emotional struggles and awakenings with doses of laughter on the side. She is a gifted writer who is so in tune with her interactions with others, and then she shares the experiences with incredible insight and graceful eloquence. This book is a little different from her childhood/adolescent/family books, however it has the same vivid descriptions of Africa and the same, sometimes shocking, truth about human nature. I really enjoyed it.

I've read many of the stories that originated in the Rhodesian Bush War including the "The Selous Scouts" writtten by their original CO Col Ron Daly- Lewis, which was earth Shattering, as far as I was concerned but this tale by Alexandra Fuller was written on such a human level that it gave a totally different angle to a similar war story but with so much humour and empathy. Totally worth reading if historically true stories are your forte

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